Mod. 14.1

Psychotherapy: The treatment for psychological disorders that uses psychological rather tan biological means and primarily involves conversations between patient and therapist.

Insight Therapies: Any type of psychotherapy based on the notion that psychological well-being depends on self-understanding.

Psychoanalysis: The psychotherapy that uses free-association, dream analysis and analysis of resistance and transference to uncover repressed memories, impulses and conflicts thought to cause psychological disorders.

Free-Assoication: A psychoanalytic technique used to explore the unconscious; patients reveal whatever thoughts or images come to mind.

Resistance: In psycho-analytic therapy, the patients attempts to avoid expressing or revealing painful or embarrassing thoughts/feelings.

Transference: An intense emotional situation occurring in psychoanalysis when one comes to behave toward the analyst as one had behaved toward a significant figure from the past.

Person-centerd Therapy: A non-directive, humanistic therapy in which the therapist creates a warm, acceptign atmosphere, thus freeing clients to be themselves and releasing their natural tendency toward the positive growth; CARL ROGERS.

Self-Actualization: Developing to one's fullest potential

Non-Directive Therapy: An approach in which the therapist acts to facilitate groth, giving understanding and support rather than proposing solutions, answering questions, or actively directing the course of therapy.

Unconditional positive regard: A condition required of person-centred therapists, involving a caring for and acceptance of clients regardless of the clients' feelings, thoughts or behaviour.

Existential Therapy: A therapy that place an emphasis on finding meaning in life.

Gestalt Therapy: A therapy originated by FRITZ PERLS that emphasized the importance of clients' fully experience, in the present moment, their feelings, thoughts & actions & then taking responsibility for their feelings & behaviour.

Directive Therapy: An approach to therapy in which the therapist only takes an active role in deteminign the course of therapy sessions & provides answers and suggestions to the patient.

Relationship Therapies: Therapies that look not only at individual struggles but interpersonal relationships.

(ITP) Interpersonal Therapy: A brief psychotherap designed tohelp depressed people understand their problems in interpersonal relationships and develope more effective ways to solve them.

Family Therapy: Therapy based on the assumption that an individuals' problem is caused by and/or maintained in part by problems within the family unit, the entire family is involved in therapy.

Group Therapy: A form of therapy in which several clients (~ 7-10) meet regularly with 1 or 2 therapists to seolve personal problems.

Psychodrama: A group therapy in which 1 group member acts out a personal problem situation/relationship, assisted by other members, to gain insight to the problem.

Encounter Group: An intense emotional group experience designed to promote personal growth and self-knowledge; participants are encouraged to let-down their defense and relate honestly and openly with each other.

14. 2

Behaviour Therapy: A treatment approach that employs the principals of operant conditiong, classical conditioning, and/or oversvational learning theory to eliminate inappropriate or maladaptive behaviours and replace them with more adaptive responses.

Behaviour Modification: The systematic application of learning principals to help a person eliminate indesirable behaviours and/or aqcuire more adaptive behaviours.

Token Economy: A behavioural technique used to encourage desirable behaviours by reinforcing them with tokens that can be exchanged later for desirable objects, activities, and/or privileges.

Time Out: A behavioural technique used to decrease the frequence of undesirable behaviours, that involves withdrawing an individual from all reinforcement for a period of time.

Stimulus Satiation: A behavioural technique that attempts to change problem behaviours by giving people too much of whatever they find reinforcing so that the reinforcer becomes something to aviod.

Systematic Desensitzation: A behavioural therapy used to treat phobias, that involves training clients in deep muscle therap and then having them confront a series of anxiety producing situations until they can remain relaxed while confronting the most feared situation.

Flooding: A behavioural therapy used to treat phobias; clients are exposed to the feared object/event for an extended period until their anxiety decreases.

Exposure & Response Prevention: A behavioural therapy that exposes OCD patients to objects/situations generating increasing anxiety; patients must agree not to carry out their normal rituals for a specific period of time after exposure. 

Aversion Therapy: A behavioural therapy used to rid clients of a hamerful or socially undesirable behaviour by pairing it with a painful, sickening or otherwise aversive stumulus until the behaviour becomes associated with pain and discomfort.

Participant Modelling: A bejaviour therapy in which an appropraite response is modelled in graduated steps and the clients attempt each step, supported and encouraged by the therapist.

14.3

Cognitive Therapy: Any therapy designed to change maladaptive thoughts and behaviour based on the assumptions that maladaptive behaviour can result from one's irrational thoughts, beliefs and ideas.

Rational-emotive therapy: A directive, confontational psychotherapy designed to challenge and modify the clients' irrational beliefs which are thought to cause personal distress; ALBERT ELLIS. 

Automatic Thoughts: Unreasonable and unquestioned ideas that rule a person's life and lead to depression and anxiety.

BECK'S COGNITIVE THERAPY: A brief cognitive therapy for depression and anxiety, designed to help people recognizze their automatic thoughts and replace them with more objective thoughts.

(CBT) Cognitive Behavioural Therapy: A therapy based on the belief that changing how a person thinks about a situation can change how a person feels and behaves in that situation, even if the situation itself does not change.

14.4

(EMDR) Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing: EMDR is a method of psychotherapy that draws upon components of other therapies (psychodramatic, interpersonal, experiental, body-centered therapies), psychological theories (attachment, learning & cognition) and biological information relatied to brain functioning. Proven most effective for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

14.5

Biological Therapy: A therapy that is based on the assumption that most mental disorders have physical causes and that attempts to change or influence the biological mechanism involved (eg through drug therapy, ECT [Electroconvulsive Therapy], psychosurgery)

Antipsychotic Drugs: Drugs used to control sever psychotic symptoms, such as the delusions and hallucainates of schizephrenia; AKA Neuroleptics/Major Tranquilizers.

Antridepressants: Drugs that are perscribed to treat depression & some anxiety disorders

(ECT) Electroconvulsive Therapy: A therapy in which an electric current is passed through the brain, causing a seizure; usually reserved for the severly ddepressed who are either suicidal or unresponsive to other treatment.

Psychosurgery: Brain surgery to treat some sever, persistant and debillitating psychological disorder or chronic pain.

Lobotomy: A psychosurgery technique in which the nerve fibres connecting the frontal lobes to the deeper brain are severed.

14.6

Clincal Psychologist: A psychologist, usually w/ a P.h.D., trained in the diagnosis, treatment and/or research of psychological/behavioural disorders.

Psychiatrist: A medical doctor with a specialty in the diagnosis and treatment ofmental disorders.

Psychoanalyst: A professional, usually a  psychiatrist with specialized training in psychoanalysis.

DSM-IV-TR: The "Diagnostic & Statistal Manual of Mental Disorders (4th Edition, Revised)"; it describes about 290 mental disorders and the symptoms that must be present for diagnosing each disorder.

Neurosis: An obsolete term for a disorder causing personal distress and some impairment in functioning, but not causing one to lose contact with reality or to violate important social norms.

Psychosis: A severe psychological disorder, sometimes requiring hospitalization, in which one typically loses contact with reality, siffers delliusions and/or hallucinations, and has a seriously impaired ability to function in every day life.

13.2

Anxiety: A generalized feeling of apprehension, fear, or tension that may be associated with a particular object or situation or may be free-floating, not associated with anything specific.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder: An anxiety disorder in which people experience excessive anxiety or worry that they find difficult to control.

Panic Attack: An attack of overwhelming anxiety, fear or terror.

Panic Disorders: An anxiety disorder in which a person experiences recurrent unpredictable attacks of overwhelming anxiety, fear or terror.

Phobia: A persistant, irrational fear of an object, situation, or activity that the person feels compelled to avoid.

Agoraphobia:  An intesen fear of being in a situation where immediate escape is not possible or help is not immediately available in case of incapacitating anxiety.

Social Phobia: An irrational fear and avoidance of social situations in which people believe they may emabrrass or humiliate themselves by appearing clumsy, foolish, or incompetent.

Specific Phobia: A marked fear of a specific object or situation, and a catch-all category for any phobia other than agoraphobia and social phobia.

(OCD) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An anxiety disorder in which a person suffers from obsessions and/or compulsions.

Obsession: A persistant, recurring involuntary thought, image or impulse that invades consciousness and caises great distress.

Compulsion: A persistant, irresistable, irrational urge to perform an act or ritaul repeatedly.

13.3

Somatoform Disorders: Disorders in which physical symptoms are present that are due to psycholigcal rather than physical causes.

Hypochondriasis: A somatoform disorder in which persons are preoccupied with their health and convinced they have some serious disorder despite reassurance from Doctors to the contrary

Conversion Disorder: A somatoform disorder in which a loss of motor or sennsory functioning in some part of the body has no physucal cause but solves some physchological problem.

13.4

Dissociative Disorders: Disorders in which, under stress, one loses the integration of consciousness, identity, and memories of important personal events.

Dissociative Amnesia: A dissociative disorder in which there is a loss of memory for limited periods of time in one's life or for one's entire personal identity.

Dissociative Fugue: A dissociative disorder in which two or more distinct personalities occurr in the same individual, reach taking over @ differrent times; also called multiple personality.

Schizoprehnia: A sever psychological disorder charazterize by loss of contact with reality, hallucinations, delusions, inappropriate or flat affect, some disturbance in thinking, social withdrawl and/or bizarre behaviour.

Hallucinations: A sensory perception in the absense of any external sensory stimulus; an imaginary sensation.

Delusion: a false beilief, not generally shared by others in the culture, that cannot be changed despite strong evidence to the contrary.

Delusion of Grandeur: A false belief that one is a famous person, or that one has some great knowledge, ability, or authority.

Delusion of persecution: An individuals false belief that a person or group is trying to in some way harm him/her.

Inappropriate Affect: A symptom common is schizophrenia in which an individuals behaviour do not relfect the emotion that would be expected under the circumstances - crying at a joke, laughing at a tragedy.

Catataion Schizophrenia: A type of schizoprehnia ccharacterize by extreme stillness or stupor and/or periods of great agitation and excitement, patients may assume an unusual posture and remain in it for long periods.

Disorganized Schizoprhenia: The most serious type of schizoprhenai, marked by extreme social withdrawl, hallucinations, delusions, silliness, inappropriate laughter, grotesque mannerisms and bizarre behaviour.

Paranoid Schizorphenia: A type of schizophrenia characterize by delusions of grandeur or persecution.

13.5

Undifferntiated schizophrenia: A catch-all category; marked by symptoms of schizorphrenia that do not conform to the other types or that conform to more than one.

Diathesis-Stress Model: The idea that people with a constitutional predisposition (diathesis) toward a disorder, such as schizoprhenia, may develop the disorder if they are subjected to sufficient environmental stress.

Mood Disorders: Disorders characterize by extreme and unwarranted disturbaced in feeling or mood, which can include depression or manic episodes, or both.

Major Depressive Disorder: A mood disorder characterized by feelings of great sadness, despair, guilt, worthlessness and hopeless ness, and, in extreme cases, suicidal intensions.

(Oh derrr.)

(SAD) Season Affective DSisorder: A mood disorder in which depressin comes and goes with seasons.

13.6

Bipolar Disorder: A mood disorder in which manic episodes alternate with periods of depression, usually with relatively normal periods inbetween.

Manic Episode: A period of extreme elation, euphoria, and hyperactivity, often accompanied by delusions of grandeur and by hostility if activity is blocked.

Personality Disoders: A cotninuing, inflexible, maladaptive pattern of inner experience andbehaviour that causes great distress or impaired functioning and differs significantly from the patterns expected in the person's culture.

Antisocial Personality Disorder: A disorder marked by lack of feeling for others; aggressive, irresponsible behaviour; and willingness to break the law, lie, cheat or exploit others for personal gain.

Sexual Dysfunction: A persistent or recurrent problem that causes marked distress and interpersonal difficulty that may involde any or some combination of the following: sexual arousal, sexual desire, or the pleasauere associated with sex or orgasm.

Paraphilia: A sexual disorder in which sexual urges, fantasies and behaviour generally involve children, other  non-consenting partners, or non-human objects, or the suffering and humiliation of oneself or one's partner.

Gender Identity Disorder's: Disorders characterize by a problem accepting one's identit as male/female.

3.

Exam 3 November 17

43/45 95.56%

24.5/45

10% (9.56/10)

IN SOCIOLOGY.
I SKIPPED FOR TWO WEEKS.
L-O-L.

Epic Win.